President Obama’s proposed course of limited military airstrikes is intended to “punish” Syrian President Assad for allegedly using chemical weapons. (The UN inspectors’ report verifying whether chemical weapons were used is not yet out.)  This is to send a signal that the United States will not tolerate a flagrant disregard of the ban on chemical weapons, from the Geneva Protocol of 1925 to the chemical weapons convention of 1993.

As American conflict resolution professionals working in countries around the world, we understand that the threat of force can be a powerful incentive to change behaviors.  However, we are concerned by the prevailing view that violence (and the use of chemical weapons) will decrease by applying greater force and destruction.

Discussions in Washington seem to center on airstrikes as a discrete act, but they are likely part of a longer process.  What is the administration’s strategy beyond the airstrikes?  Will the strikes create incentives to get negotiations back on track or will they fragment the opposition even further and entrench the regime?  Will they serve as a catalyst for regional talks or for increased regional conflict?  What is our plan if Assad, or the rebels, use chemical weapons again?

Research in our field suggests that interventions to support one side of a conflict prolong wars by 50%.[1]   With or without airstrikes, there are other tools that can be useful in “punishing” Assad and minimizing loss of life.

There will be no end to the conflict without a political settlement.  Diplomacy is the indispensable tool.  The U.S. needs to work with the UN and others in the international community to pursue talks with all stakeholders (including Russia and Iran) as soon as possible.  Creative diplomacy by the U.S. that involves the participation of Syrian civil society movements, including women’s groups that are currently active in promoting peace and tolerance among communities, is essential.

Second, Assad needs to be held accountable through the public act of shaming and through the international legal mechanism of the International Criminal Court (ICC).  We can increase the cost of doing business with Assad by making him an international pariah using these channels.  Over 50 countries have supported referring Syria to the ICC, including Security Council members Britain and France.  The U.S. should join them and engage the Security Council in intensive diplomatic efforts so that Russia and China will not wield their vetoes to defeat the referral.

Assad can also be held accountable through shaming, an important aspect of Middle Eastern culture.  An effective way to do this, for example, is by publicly showing evidence of chemical warfare on Syrian civilians.

Third, we can mitigate the damage to Syrians and to the U.S. by taking actions that help save lives and gain the trust and respect of Syrians and others in the region.  A UN resolution for a ceasefire that includes all armed actors would be a start.  Other actions include the following:

If Congress approves airstrikes, our military needs to ensure that its maps are accurate to avoid incidents such as the 1999 accidental bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.  Our intelligence services need to ensure that we don’t fall into the trap of killing innocent civilians.  Assad has reportedly emptied the prisons and put prisoners in or near potential U.S. targets.

The U.S. should coordinate with UN agencies to assess the increased humanitarian demands in the case of airstrikes.  There are currently 6.8 million Syrians in need of aid in Syria and over 2 million refugees in neighboring countries.  The U.S. should make funds available to address existing needs and meet new ones resulting from the airstrikes.  The U.S. should help the UN keep these agencies open and secure during airstrikes.

Along with the destroyers now in the eastern Mediterranean, the U.S. should send hospital ships to the region to treat Syrians regardless of their political affiliation or of when or how they became ill or were injured.

We believe that the U.S. will be stronger and safer if we take actions such as the ones described above and we urge our elected leaders to provide the necessary resources and support for this intensive and multi-layered diplomatic effort in Syria.

Signed by: (Organizational affiliations are provided for identification purposes only; they do not indicate organizational endorsements of this statement) 1)    Joyce Neu, Ph.D. Founder and Senior Associate, Facilitating Peace Redondo Beach, CA
2)    Dee Aker, Ph.D. Interim Director, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice University of San Diego
3)    Sanam Naraghi Anderlini Co-Founder, International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN) Senior Fellow, MIT Center for International Studies Washington, DC
4)   Eileen F. Babbitt, Ph.D. Professor of Practice, International Conflict Analysis and Resolution The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Medford, MA
5) Sandra I. Cheldelin, Ph.D. Vernon M. and Minnie I. Lynch Professor, School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University Arlington, VA
6) Diana Chigas, J.D. Co-Director, Reflecting on Peace Practice Program, CDA Cambridge, MA
7) Cameron M. Chisholm President, International Peace & Security Institute Washington, DC
8) Tamra Pearson d’Estrée, Ph.D. Luce Professor of Conflict Resolution, Josef Korbel School of International Studies Co-Director, Conflict Resolution Institute University of Denver
9) Paula Garb, Ph.D. Co-Director, Center for Citizen Peacebuilding University of California Irvine
10) Thomas R. Getman CEO, the Getman Group International/NGO/UN affairs Washington, DC
11) Paula Green, Ph.D. Founder, Karuna Center for Peacebuilding Amherst, MA And Professor of Conflict Transformation, School for International Training Brattleboro, VT
12) Melanie Greenberg President and CEO, Alliance for Peacebuilding Washington, DC
13) Gal Kleinman Former member of the Israeli Defense Forces, 1989-1992 Co-Director of the Global Peace Curriculum Project Israel
14) Louis Kriesberg Founding Director of the Program on the Analysis and Resolution of Conflicts Maxwell School, Syracuse University
15) John Paul Lederach, Ph.D. Professor of International Peacebuilding, Director of Peace Accords Matrix Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies University of Notre Dame
16) Milburn Line Former Executive Director, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice University of San Diego Beijing
17) Johanna Mendelson Forman Scholar-in-Residence at American University Washington, DC
18) Julie Mertus, J.D. Professor, School of International Service Co-Director, MA Program in Ethics, Peace, and Global Affairs American University
19) Christopher Mitchell, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Conflict Research Fairfax, VA
20) Christopher W. Moore, Ph.D. Partner, CDR Associates Boulder, Colorado
21) Charles A Reilly, Ph.D. Kroc School of Peace Studies University of San Diego
22) Rob Ricigliano Partnership for Sustainability and Peacebuilding University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
23) Lisa Schirch, Ph.D. Director of Human Security, Alliance for Peacebuilding Research Professor, Center for Justice & Peacebuilding Eastern Mennonite University Harrisonburg, VA
24) Ali Shakeri Former U.S. – Iranian prisoner of conscience in Evin Prison, Tehran, 2007 Center for Citizen Peacebuilding Board Member University of California Irvine
25) Hilary Stauffer, J.D. Human Rights advocate (Former) Diplomat, Aid worker, UN legal officer London, United Kingdom
26) Pamela Steiner, Ed.D. Intercommunal Trust Building Project Fellow, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights Harvard School of Public Health Harvard University Cambridge, MA
27) Andrea Strimling Yodsampa, Ph.D. Senior Researcher / Program Manager The Fletcher School, Tufts University Medford, MA
28) Anthony Wanis-St. John, Ph.D. Associate Professor Director, International Peace & Conflict Resolution, School of International Service American University Washington, DC
29) Peter Woodrow Executive Director, CDA Cambridge, MA
30) William Zartman, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of International Organization and Conflict Resolution The Johns Hopkins University—SAIS Washington, DC